Etiology of Developmental Dyslexia Essay examples -- Psychology Learni

Etiology of Developmental Dyslexia The long disputed debate about the primary cause of dyslexia is still very much alive in the field of psychology. Dyslexia is commonly characterized as a reading and writing impairment that affects around 5% of the global population. The disorder has frequently been hypothesized to be the result of various sensory malfunctions. For over a decade, studies have made major contributions to the disorder's etiology; however, scientists are still unclear of its specific causal. Initially, dyslexia was thought to be a reading disorder in children and adults (1). Later it was suggested to consist of both a visual and writing component, therefore characterizing it as more of a learning disability which affected people of normal intelligence's ability to perform to their fullest potential (5). In the current research, cognitive and biological perspectives have often been developed independently of one another failing to recognize their respective positions within the disorder's etiology. The Phonological Deficit and Magnocellular theory are two of the most dominant theories in dyslexic research. Various theories have been suggested to explain the nature and origin of dyslexia, however, they often served as additional support for either the phonological or magnocellular theories. The Double Deficit theory suggested that dyslexic symptoms were the result of speed-processing (7). The Genomic theory posed that dyslexia was a highly heritable disorder that can be localized to a specific genetic component, Finally, the Cerebellar Deficit theory suggested that dyslexia was the result of an abnormal cerebellum exist (2). With the constant debate of the biological nature versus the cognitive natur... ...explanation of temporal processing and phonological deficit theory of dyslexia. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WC0-45FCDRM-M-1&_cdi=6724&_orig=browse&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2002&_sk=999199996&wchp=dGLbVlb-lSzBV&_acct=C000020258&_version=1&_userid=423519&md5=8fa40b6212ee8c82801e117a768bf4bb&ie=f.pdf 5)Nature.com, Article discussing the two most prevalent theories of dyslexia; the magnocellular and phonological theories. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v412/n6845/full/412393a0_fs.html&content_filetype=pdf 6) Infotrac, Article describing the double deficit hypothesis of dyslexia. http://web2.infotrac-ustom.com/pdfserve/get_item/1/Sbc1b55w7_1/SB765_01.pdf NON-WEB REFERENCES 7).To see but not read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Stien, J. & Walsh, V. TINS v20 1997 pages 147-152.

Exploring The Indian Refinery Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy is being an of import gas pedal for the growing of economic system and in the present scenario oil and natural gas are the chief beginnings of energy. India has got limited beginnings of oil and natural gas, so India has to be dependent on Arabian and African Countries, rich in oil and natural gas militias, for supply of the energy. Indian industry is at present transforming, turning at around 14 % per annum which is non sufficient to prolong the increasing demand for energy. In India, over the last two decennaries, The Refining Industry has witnessed enormous growing. This industry celebrates the centennial of the Refinery at Digboi ( one of the oldest refineries ) , the growing in the industry is accompanied by the tremendous development in the autochthonal capablenesss to engineer, apparatus and design mega refinery undertakings. A major designation for growing in Research activities by the refineries and national research labs have been recorded, with the consequence that activities that were traditionally regarded as being in the sphere of Accredited engineering, are being smartly pursued and cost effectual solutions to the industry ‘s demands are being provided based on autochthonal cognize how. In the 2nd half of the Last Decade, the industry has witnessed a sea alteration. Refineries ab initio were fundamentally Hydro planing refineries, the refineries set up by MNC ‘s integrated secondary processing besides. Production of Lubes was besides incorporated in some of the subsequent refineries. In the early 1980 ‘s, in a large manner secondary processing in the signifier of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking was adopted, when speedy sequence of six such units were in set up. This lead to the rule of Hydro checking in the late 1980 ‘s and early 1990 ‘s as the demand for production of more and more in-between distillations decided the pick of processing options. The three new FCC units were set up with the ability to co procedure residue along with VGO. The demand to guarantee quality of the merchandises conforming to specific rigorous specifications, related to environment and public presentation lead to the development of Hydro treating procedure and a figure of undertakings to better the quality of Diesel have either been implemented or are under execution. Increased profitableness and better quality of merchandises has led to a figure of refineries being taking up surveies to analyze their existing constellations and suggest options for the optimisation of rough oil mix and the processing constellation. Coevals of power or integrating with petrochemicals production is farther adding value to the refinery operations and these are being reviewed really earnestly. All this has led to the transmutation of the Indian refineries and the procedure of alteration still continues and the demands of conservationists going more rigorous, the constellations will go on to germinate. The factors driving the alterations in the refinement scenario are a combination of: aˆ? Minimization of residues aˆ? Maximization of value added merchandises aˆ? Improved merchandise quality aˆ? Maximum use of bing assets aˆ? Environmental judicial admissions Refineries in India are already major exporters of petro merchandises. India is mostly importing the rancid assortment of petroleum from Arab because the overall basket is much cheaper than Brent petroleums. Environmental criterions in India are besides allowing higher sulfur content in gasoline and Diesel.2.0 OIL & A ; GAS SECTOR REFORMSRefinery sector was delicensed in 1998New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) announced by Govt. in 1999. Administered Pricing Mechanism ( APM ) was dismantled from April 2002. Selling of conveyance fuels like Petrol, Diesel & A ; Aviation Fuel is a permitted topic to run into minimal investing of about US $ 0.44 billion in oil and gas sector. 100 % FDI is permitted in Exploration, Refining, Pipelines for both crude oil merchandises & A ; gas and Selling. Planing Commission study on Integrated Energy Policy in August 2006 Oil and gas is expected to be the cardinal drivers of the energy ingestion growing. Faster geographic expedition of full domestic sedimentary basins to augment domestic handiness of oil and gas Improvement in oil and gas recovery degrees Acquisition of equity oil and gas abroad Exploitation of alternate fuel beginnings such as CBM, Gas Hydrates, Hydrogen fuel cell and blending of bio-fuels Care of strategic militias in oil and crude oil In the last few old ages, the Indian refinery sector has witnessed uninterrupted capacity add-onsIndia: Refining CapacityGet downing with the 2003 to 2009, there is immense capacity add-on in the private sector refineries i.e. from27 mmtpa in 2003 to 72.5 mmtpa in 2009, demoing 168 % addition in the capacity add-on, and a just sum of capacity add-on in the populace sector refineries get downing from 89.9 mmtpa n 2003 to stagnancy in the back-to-back two old ages 2004 and 2005 and smaller balls of add-on in the farther old ages, in 2006 entire private sector refinery capacity amounted to 99.4 mmtpa and in 2007 and 2009 105.5 mmtpa. Harmonizing to the XIth twelvemonth program the capacity add-on in the 2012 is targeted to be 235 mmtpa representing 76 mmtpa from private refineries and 159 mmtpa from public refineries, and 302 mmtpa targeted in 2013, with metameric capacities as 202 mmtpa from public refineries and 100 mmtpa from private refineries.3.0 REFINERY PRODUCTION PROCESSRefinery Production ProcessesRefineries typically consist of a figure of parallel and consecutive procedures used to transform rough oil into a scope of concluding merchandises such as gasolene, Diesel, and asphalt. Modern refineries range from the simple to the really complex, though the tendency is towards increased complexness as the demands for higher-quality concluding merchandises addition. In all refineries, including smaller simple refineries, rough oil is foremost distilled into its basic constituents ; these component watercourses are sent for farther transition in the more complex refineries. The most of import distillment proce dures are the rough distillment, and vacuity distillment. Secondary transition processes by and large use thermal or catalytic procedures to farther change over the oil watercourse from distillment. Among the most of import is the catalytic reformist, where the heavy naphtha, produced in the rough distillment unit, is converted to gasolene ; the fluid catalytic cracker ( FCC ) where the gas oil from the vacuity distillment unit is converted ; and the hydrocrackers, which is used to â€Å" check † the molecules of heavy oil watercourses into lighter merchandises such as gas oil. Refineries by and large include process units such as hydro-treaters or hydro-de-sulfurizers to handle merchandises to better their quality. Ancillary units back uping the chief procedure units include rough desalters ( anterior to distillment ) , hydrogen production, non-energy merchandise units ( asphalt, lubricators ) and public-service corporations ( power and steam ) .Flowchart of a Typical Complex RefineryBeginning: Worrell and Galitsky, forthcoming.3.1 ProcedureCracking Treatment Reforming Hydro-treating Polishing Alkylation3.1.1 Crack:Cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick, bullet-shaped reactors & A ; web of furnaces, heat money changers & A ; other vass. Procedure uses heat & A ; force per unit area to â€Å" check † heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter 1s. Fluid catalytic snap Unit ( FCCU ) A or â€Å" cat snap † It ‘s the basic gasoline-making procedure. FCCU converts most comparatively heavy fractions into smaller gasolene molecules utilizing intense heat ( 1,000 deg F ) , low force per unit area & A ; powdered accelerator for speed uping chemical reactions. Hydro snap: A Procedure applies checking rules utilizing different accelerator, somewhat lower temperatures, much greater force per unit area & A ; H for obtaining chemical reactions. Not all refineries employ hydro snap. Cost-effectively converts medium- to heavyweight gas oils into high-value watercourses Catalytic Crack: Very of import procedure in modern refinement. Procedure allows transition of stuff that would usually be burned as fuel ( vacuity gas oil ) into gasolene and distillation ( heating oil & A ; diesel fuel ) . Price difference between residuary fuel oil & A ; gasolene justifies CRU. Typically this procedure yields 50-60 % gasolene, 20-30 % distillation & A ; 30 % butanes3.1.23.1.3 REFORMING:Catalytic Reforming It uses heat, moderate force per unit area & A ; accelerators to turn naphtha ( light, comparatively low-value fraction ) into high-octane gasolene constituents.3.1.4 HYDRO-TREATING:It ‘s a Purifying procedure for sulfur remotion by responding crude oil fraction with H ( which is obtained from CRU or separate H works ) .3.1.5 Refining:Fine-tuning & A ; otherwise bettering merchandises to run into specifications by uniting assortment of watercourses from treating units. Example, in order to do gasolene, refiner would blend naphtha, reformate, catalytic gasolene, alkylate & A ; butane so that mixture has required octane figure, vapor force per unit area, sulfur degree & A ; aromatics content. Unit of measurements for public presentation additives & A ; dyes to separate assorted classs of fuel.3.1.6 ALKYLATION:Iso-butane ( gaseous by-products of checking ) is reacted with either isobutylene or propene to organize complex paraffinA isomers. Chemical reactions take topographic point in presence of hydrofluoric or sulphuric acid accelerators. By combing these molecules octane degree of paraffin isomer or alkylate is increased to around 93-96 octane. Refiners use this procedure to better octane degree of gasolene pool. The liquid signifier of mixture of hydrocarbons is known as Crude oil, dwelling of six parts of C and one portion of H as chemical compounds, carring little sums of sulfur, metals, salts, O and N. The organic compounds which are accumulated under the sea and trapped in sedimentary stones constitute to their formation. These stones are the topographic points where petroleum oil geographic expedition is concentrated. The oil is under force per unit area and if a pipe is pushed into the rig trap, oil flushs out smartly. With the extraction, the force per unit area is diminished, is so unnaturally reinforced by the injection of air or H2O into the reservoir to keep the force per unit area of the rig and force the oil up to the surface. Crude oil constituting of hydrocarbons that are holding variable boiling points so can be sepaprated through the procedure of refinement. â€Å" Refining is a procedure in which rough oil is heated in a vacuity until it evaporates and so allowed to lift up a column. Hydrocarbons liquefy at different temperatures and therefore can be collected at different highs in the distillment column. † Merchandises, with their approximate boiling points are: Petroleum gas ( & lt ; 90 °C ) Naphtha ( 200-350 °C ) ( it is used to do the additives for high-octane based gasoline, and polymeric plastics and carbamide ) Petrol ( 90-200 °C ) ( used to fuel internal burning engines, chiefly vehicular. ) Kerosene ( 350-450 °C ) ( used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other hapless states, and as a infinite heating fuel in industrial states. ) Diesel ( 200 °C ) High velocity Diesel ( It is largely used in diesel-powered vehicles ) Light Diesel ( It is used in diesel engines running at lower velocity chiefly irrigation pumps and coevals sets ) Lubricant ( 650-1000 °C ) ( consists of lubricating oils and syrupy oils used to lubricate traveling parts in industry, cars, railroad engines and passenger cars and marine engines. Furnace oil ( & gt ; 1000 °C ) ( made by thining residuary fuel oil from polishing with in-between distillations such as diesel oil. It is used in boilers, sand traps, furnaces and warmers. LSHS – Low sulfur heavy stock is variant for furnace oil. ) Solid crude oil coke collected at the underside after the liquid fractions are removed. Which are largely used as fuel, but is besides used to do electrodes and dry cell batteries. The proportion of aggregation of these merchandises may change from rough assortment to crude assortment, which are classified as Sweet or sour.3.2 REFINERY ECONOMICSThe refinery economic sciences can be divided into no. of parts such as: Crude slates Refinery constellation Merchandise slates Capacity use Environmental judicial admissions3.2.1 CRUDE Slates:Crude oils have different outputs depending on natural qualities ( denseness measured as API gravitation & A ; sulphur content ) Low API gravitation implies Heavy petroleum oil Typically higher sulfur content makes crude rancid Outputs of automotive fuels with lower octane & A ; Cetane values doing engine knocking & A ; higher emanations Larger output of lower-valued merchandises, like FO ( available at price reduction to crude oil ) Higher investings in secondary processing installations to better outputs to fit merchandise specifications Lower on Refiners penchant & A ; hence price reduction to sweet petroleum High API gravitation sweet petroleum is on diminution & A ; commands premium over rancid petroleums. Costss & A ; payback periods for refinery treating units must be weighed against awaited rough oil costs & A ; projected derived function between visible radiation and heavy petroleum oil monetary values. Crude mix processed by Indian refineries ( PSU ) 52 % high sulfur and 48 % low sulfur petroleum. GRMs ‘ of Indian refineries ( PSU ) soon around USD 6-7/ Bbl while that of private refineries around US $ 10 per barrel3.2.2 REFINERY CONFIGRATIONS:Refiner ‘s pick of petroleum oil is influenced by the type of refinery processing units- Exceeding works ( dwelling of ) CDU & A ; likely Catalytic Reformer to supply octane Outputs from this works closely reflect natural outputs from petroleum processed Typically merely condensates or light sweet petroleum is processed at this type of installation unless markets for heavy fuel oil ( HFO ) are readily & A ; economically available Asphalt workss are exceeding refineries that run heavy petroleum oil because lone involvement is in bring forthing asphalt/ bitumen Cracking refinery Takes gas oil part from CDU ( a watercourse heavier than Diesel fuel, but lighter than HFO ) & A ; breaks it down further into gasolene & A ; distillate constituents utilizing accelerators, high temperature/ force per unit area Coking refinery Procedures residuary fuel, heaviest stuff from CDU & A ; thermally cracks it into lighter merchandises in Coker or Hydrocracker Addition of FCCU or hydro cracker significantly increases output of higher-valued merchandises, like gasolene & A ; diesel oil, leting processing of cheaper, heavier petroleum while bring forthing an equivalent or greater volume of high-valued merchandises Refineries holding big hydro-treating capableness have ability to treat rough oil with higher sulfur content.3.2.3 PRODUCT Slate:Refinery constellation is influenced by merchandise demand in each part. US demand for gasolene is much larger than distillate demand & A ; therefore refineries configured to maximise gasolene production Gasoline gross revenues account about 50 % of demand while distillate gross revenues account less than 30 % of merchandise demand US refineries are configured to treat big per centum of heavy, high sulfur petroleum, produce more of gasolene & A ; lower of HFO US refineries have invested in more complex refinery constellations, which allow usage of cheaper feedstock & A ; higher processing capableness Indian Refineries merchandise slate ( wt % on petroleum ) norms Light & A ; Middle distillates to heavy terminals ratio of 73:27 with maximal portion of Diesel oil.3.2.4 CAPACITY UTILIZATION:Critical constituent of refinement economic sciences is capacity use rate, or how expeditiously the refinement composite is runing in order to retrieve its fixed costs. Spare capacity consequences in increased competition among refiners, which farther eroded refinement borders. Use rate of about 95 % is considered optimal as it allows for normal unopen downs required for care & A ; seasonal accommodations. Refinery capacity is based on designed size of CDU ( frequently referred to as nameplate capacity ) Occasionally, through ascents or de-bottlenecking processs, refineries can treat more petroleum than nameplate capacity for short periods of clip.4.0 Refining CHALLENGECrude Sourcing/Oil SecurityPotential of Crude available is rather less from bing Fieldss in Middle East, Africa and South American states to back up polishing capacity enlargement and sustain capacity use. To increase the potency of handiness of petroleum certain attempts have been made which are: – Attractive New Exploration Licensing Policy ( NELP ) aˆ? 206 oil & A ; gas geographic expedition blocks awarded in 7 unit of ammunitions aˆ? 68 major finds reported aˆ? Investment committednesss of the order of $ 10 billion aˆ? Huge Unexplored land area aˆ? World ‘s biggest deep H2O gas find made in 2002 ( K-G Basin ) – India Hydrocarbon Vision – 2025 aˆ? 100 % geographic expedition coverage of all sedimentary basins by 2025 aˆ? Internationally competitory financial footings aˆ? Alternate beginnings: CBM and Gas HydratesOil Security: Strategic StorageThe oil security is the up step of Storage & A ; Supply Infrastructure. And for this certain things have been taken into history: – Integrated Energy Policy recommended 90 yearss storage of oil imports – Present storage coverage is 74 yearss and will cut down to 63 yearss with addition in the oil imports – Storage capacity augmentation actions have been taken to heighten the entire storage capacity to 78 yearss. – Planned capacity add-on: 8.62 MMT aˆ? 5.33 MMT by ISPRL at Vizag, Mangalore and Padur aˆ? 3.29 MMT at other locations – Strategic storage to supply addl. 12 yearss screenRefinery Configuration/ ComplexityChanging the Feed stocks would diminish the input costof the refineries by: aˆ?Changing the Quality – 0API / Sulfur / Acidity aˆ? Widening of petroleum basket aˆ? Compulsion to co-process feed-stocks of Bio-origin Following Product Mix Improvement aˆ? Turning demand with rigorous merchandise eyeglasses. aˆ? Switching the regional demand aˆ? Large figure of classs aˆ? Upgradation of low value/surplus merchandises – Naphtha to Petrochemicals – Black Oil to Distillates – Pet Coke to PetrochemicalsEnergy Efficiency Improvementaˆ? Energy efficiency can be betterment by usage of – Energy efficient technologies/designs – Energy efficient equipments – Best operation and care patterns aˆ? GHG emanation decrease through energy efficiency betterment aˆ? Close monitoring and timely actions bridge the spread in specific energy ingestion to fit with the planetary best aˆ? Tools applied are: Pinch Technology, Hydrogen Management, Waste Heat Recovery, Steam Power balance ( CogenerationCycle ) aˆ? Increased use of gas in topographic point of conventional liquid fuel5.0 Demand FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTSThe demand of crude oil merchandises is related to the energy demand of the state, it is a map of degree of activity measured as GDP. India is soon traveling through the major industrial and economic reforms for the intent of incorporating the Indian economic system with the planetary economic system. The major countries of focal point has been identified as hydrocarbons. Policy alterations are planned for the sector to do the industry globally competitory. The reforms bundle are formed and expected to hold high economic growing in the sector, the demand of crude oil based merchandises is expected to turn at a rate of about 7 % .Wide spreads between merchandise demand and autochthonal petroleum handinessWidening spread between merchandise demand and rough production from autochthonal beginnings leads to heavy dependance on Imports. Oil Equity abroad and fresh discoveries under New Exploration & A ; Licensing Policy are assisting to bridge the spread between demand and autochthonal production. There is a demand for immense investings in refinement, grapevines & A ; Marketing substructure5.1 India: PRODUCT DEMAND & amp ; REFINING CAPACITYHarmonizing to the informations provided IOCL: Excess refinement capacity is expected to increase farther by 2030 India will go on to be merchandise excess Import/Export demand for crude/products to be rather significant6.0 OpportunityThe creative activity of extra refinement capacity of about 110 million tones per annum, an investing of about US $ 22 billion will be required, in the close hereafter. With such a phenomenal growing in the sector, so, ample chances and Scopess are at that place for transportation of the engineerings. The engineerings are required for the upgradation of the bottom barrel and run intoing the predominant demands of in-between distillations and bettering the quality of merchandises that make them environment-friendly and globally competitory. New refineries are located at the seashores while the major Centres, which are for the demand of crude oil merchandises are present in the inland topographic points, largely in North/North-West parts. Therefore, the chances for edifice inland refineries in the state are bing. In the field of petro-chemicals forward integrating is besides allowed for the refineries, which are for the merchandises which are better value-addition and environmental friendly, that will open another country for the investings to happen. India holding a strong committedness to prosecute an energy policy and the environmental factors would be taken into consideration. State is following more environmental friendly steps with respects to the use and the quality of fuels. Decrease of lead and benzine in gasolene, decrease of sulfur and betterment of cetane in Diesel are the major steps that are under execution. Such a quality of upgradation of fuels will necessitate the acceptance of latest engineering, which are bound to incure immense investings of around $ 2500 million.India ‘s advantagesIndia holding a immense modesty of trained and extremely skilled work force at a much lower cost as compared to some of the advanced states. Further, a big population base exists and really low per capita ingestion of crude oil merchandises is predominating, India is one of the fast emerging markets. The state has acquired tremendous experience in the field of installing and efficient operation of crude oil refineries from the past 35 old ages. Therefore, the operating cost will be lower as compared to other states and the value-addition in Indian refineries is of a really high order and that the puting up of refineries in India for the domestic market every bit good as for exports would be economically attractive.India as an international refinement finish and emerging Asian refinement hubIndia is poised to be ‘Asian Refining Hub ‘ due to built-in advantages in its economic system, geographic location, altering demographics, locality to high demand Centre of South East Asia and assorted other factors. India has been frontward looking in its thought and the full growing of Indian Refining Sector can be summed up in four distinguishable stages, namelyA A Early stage A A A A ( 1947 – 1969 ) , Development PhaseA A A ( 1970 – 1990 ) , Economic Liberalisation PhaseA ( 1991 – 2005 ) Mega Refining Hub Phase A ( 2006 onwards ) India is steadily emerging as an international finish for oil refinement with investing demands lesser by 25 % – 50 % as compared to its Asiatic opposite numbers. As per the analysis carried out by Deutsche Bank, India is expected to heighten its refinement competency by 45 % in the following 5 old ages. Bing the fifth biggest worldwide state in context of distillment capacity, India enjoys 3 % of the international capacity portion. To travel in front in doing its presence felt strongly in the planetary market, Indian crude oil houses are be aftering to raise their distillment capacity from the bing 149 mtpa to 243 mtpa by FY 2011-12. Cost fight Cost fight driven by lower fabrication rewards Low capital and hard currency operating costs Entree to big, technically skilled fabrication base and work force Autochthonal procuranceBeginning: A T KearneyStrategic location for petroleum sourcing and merchandise exportAdvantage of Economies of graduated table in big scale undertakings, along with experient and competitory building companies. The Autochthonal procurance sets a platform for cost effectual direction. Readily available accomplishment set for puting up and runing refineries with favorite substructure State of the art engineering being adopted for puting up and upgrading refineries with petroleum processing flexibleness and optimized merchandise slate and quality. Tax holidays/SEZs/PCPIRs offer first-class financial government. The Large domestic market every bit good as turning petrochemical industry has offered the following cardinal growing: Soon over 34,500 Retail Mercantile establishments ( IOC over 17,000 ) Crude grapevine – 3987 Km ( 34.5 MMTPA ) , merchandise grapevine 9454Km ( 55.09 MMTPA ) Politician installations at 14 ports locations: 39 positions, 2 flatboat breakwaters, 8 SPMs Increasing figure of participants in spread outing downstream sector Robust refinement borders Lowest capex/opex Downstream regulator in topographic point Low per capita oil ingestion at 111 kgoe

Children And Effects Of Domestic Violence - 1612 Words

CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Children and the Effects of Domestic Violence in the Home Domestic violence is any behavior of physical, sexual, emotional, or physiological acts or threats that intimidate a person or partner by trying to control or maintain power. Unfortunately, many children experience these harmful acts in the home between family members, all of different ages, ethnicities, and statuses. When thinking about a safe and healthy childhood and environment, what comes to mind? Parents or guardians attending to their children’s needs; a feeling of comfort, feeling loved, a feeling of safety and security, and a place without violence. Today, there are a lot of children who experience domestic violence in the†¦show more content†¦This is where other family relatives, teachers, or even family friends may come in. Having these people support them and give them comfort and attention may help them better deal with the situation they are facing. The children should be informed that everything will be fine and that the CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE violence is not because of them or something they did or said. They should know violence in the home can change and can also be ended. According to The Facts on Children and Domestic Violence (2006), â€Å"15.5 million U.S. children live in families in which partner violence occurred at least once in the past year, and seven million children live in families in which severe partner violence occurred and the majority of U.S. nonfatal intimate partner victimizations of women (two-thirds) occur at home. Children are the residents of the households experiencing intimate partner violence in 43 percent of incidents involving female victims† (p. 137-142). Basically, most of the violence is directed towards the woman in the house, most likely being the mother of the children. Based on this information, what is known as second hand abuse comes in to play. Children exposed to these behaviors will likely harm themselves or others, they w ill not learn behavior boundaries, will experience

Death of a Salesman Themes and Symbols

The main themes and symbols of Death of a Salesman include family relationships and, at large, the shortcomings of the American dream and all of its consequences, namely the financial well-being that can afford people certain luxuries.   The American Dream The American dream, which assumes that anyone can achieve financial success and material comfort, lies at the heart of  Death of a Salesman. We learn that various secondary characters attain this ideal:  Ben  goes off into the wilderness of Alaska and Africa and, as luck has it, discovers a diamond mine;  Howard Wagner  inherits his dream through his fathers company; the nerdier Bernard, mocked by Willy for his attitude, becomes a successful lawyer through hard work.   Willy Loman has a simplistic view of the American dream. He thinks that any man who is manly, good looking, charismatic, and well-liked is both deserving of success and will naturally achieve it. The life trajectory of his brother Ben influenced him in that regard. Those standards, however, are impossible, and, over the course of his lifetime, Willy and his sons fall short of it. Willy buys into his distorted philosophy so thoroughly that he neglects what is actually good in his life, such as the love of his family, in order to pursue an ideal of success that—he hopes—will bring his family security. Willys arc demonstrates how the American dream and its aspirational nature, which might be quite commendable per se, turns individuals into commodities that are only measured by their financial worth. In fact, even his demise at the end of the play is tied to the American dream: he ends his life so that he can, at least, give his family the money of his life insurance policy . Family Relationships Family relationships are what makes Death of a Salesman a universal play. In fact, when the play was produced in China in 1983, the actors had no trouble understanding the themes of the play—the relationship between a father and his sons or between husband and wife, or two brothers of different dispositions, were very intelligible to Chinese audiences and performers. The central conflict of the play concerns Willy and his elder son Biff, who showed great promise as a young athlete and ladies man while in high school. His adulthood, however was marked by thievery and lack of direction.  Willys younger son, Happy, has a more defined and secure career path, but he is a shallow character. The twisted beliefs Willy instilled in his sons, namely luck over hard work and likability over expertise, led them to disappoint both him and themselves as adults. By presenting them with the dream of grand, easy success, he overwhelmed his sons, and this is true both of Biff and Happy, who produce nothing substantial. Willy, at 63, is still working, trying to plant seeds in the middle of the night, in order to give his family sustenance. Biff realizes, at the plays climax, that only by escaping from the dream that Willy has instilled in him will father and son be free to pursue fulfilling lives. Happy never realizes this, and at the end of the play he vows to continue in his fathers footsteps, pursuing an American dream that will leave him empty and alone. Willys role as a provider in regards to Linda is equally fraught. While he is enthralled by the Woman in Boston because she â€Å"liked† him, which stoked his twisted ideal of successful business man, when he gives stockings to her instead of Linda, he is overcome with shame. Still, he fails to realize that what his wife wants is love and not financial security Symbols Stockings In Death of a Salesman, stockings represent the covering-up of imperfection, and Willy’s (failed) attempt to be a successful businessman and thus, a provider. Both Linda Loman and the Woman in Boston are seen holding them.  In the play, Willy reprimands Linda for mending her stockings, implicitly suggesting that he intends to buy her new ones. This reprimand takes on new significance when we learn that Willy, in the past, bought new stockings as a gift to The Woman when they meet for secret trysts in Boston. On the one hand, the silk stockings that Linda Loman mends are an indicator of the strained financial circumstances of the Loman family, on the other, they serve Willy as a reminder of his affair. The Jungle In Death of a Salesman, the jungle represents the antithesis of the middle-class life that Willy Loman had strived to achieve. While Willy’s life is predictable and risk-averse, the jungle, which is praised mainly by the character of Ben, Willy’s brother, is full of darkness and dangers, but, if conquered, it leads to higher rewards than any average salesman-life could.

Augustus s Life During The Civil War - 1741 Words

Augustus had a discouraging childhood as he was unhealthy and did not have many connections with the government. Augustus was born on 23, September 63 BC. He was the son of a man from Velitrae who was in the position of praetorship and died unexpectedly when Augustus was 4. At this same time, Rome was dangerous because of extensive civil war. Augustus’ great uncle, Julius Caesar, was involved in this war. Augustus’ father was married to Atia, who was the daughter of Julia, Caesar’s sister. Later on in Augustus’ life, Caesar’s distant family relationship was idle to how Augustus came into power. When Augustus’s grandmother, Julia, died, Augustus delivered the eulogy at her funeral, which was his first public appearance. Soon after, Caesar won the civil war and was given the title of dictator of Rome. In order for Caesar to claim power, he needed a heir. Since he did not have a son of his own, he adopted Augustus. Augustus was a young man with no knowledge of politics in Rome, therefore, this was a great opportunity for him to gain knowledge from Caesar, since he was deemed son of Caesar. Soon after, Caesar died; he was murdered by his own advisors. Augustus was 19 when this happened and instantly took power of Rome. Augustus’ victories have helped him glorify Rome during his reign as emperor, as well as showing dedication to Rome, which was unfortunately false, overall, he only used his victories to gain popularity in Rome. In 31 BC, Augustus defeated Cleopatra and MarkShow MoreRelatedRome s Transformation From Republic1584 Words   |  7 Pagesnever claimed the title), Augustus led Rome’s transformation from republic to empire during the chaotic years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. Augustus became one of Rome’s greatest leaders and he established the principate, the form of government under which Rome ruled its empire for many years. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Caesar Augustus, was born Gaius Julius Octavius in Rome, Italy and was alive from 63 BC - AD 14. Augustus’ father, also called GaiusRead MoreWas The First Emperor Of Rome So A Good Thing?1214 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to many historians Augustus was not only the first emperor of Rome but also the greatest. During his long and impressive career Augustus dissolved the faulty governmental system of the Republic and created a new basis of Roman government that stood for three centuries. On his death bed Augustus was purported to have said: â€Å"Did I play my part well?† Through examination of his reforms of the Roman tax and legal system, as well as his role in creating the Pax Romana and a stable military itRead MoreThe Downfall Of Julius Caesar962 Words   |  4 Pagescom, 2009). Eventually, Caesar rose up through the ranks and became a great general. Caesar eventually went to war with Pompey and was able to drive Pompey out making Caesar believe declare himself t he dictator for life. Even though under Caesar’s control daily Roman life improved, his assassination was for the best of the Roman people because he had stated himself as the dictator for life in Rome, ruining any chance of continuing democracy, he was self-centered, Rome got a new ruler and became successfulRead MoreThe Differences Between Charlemagne And Augustus1088 Words   |  5 Pages Charlemagne and Augustus were separated by many centuries (seven), in that time many changes occurred in both culture and lifestyles. Charlemagne and Augustus had a few similarities but many more differences. Examples of the similarities would be they both ruled large empires with close to the same amount of territory governed. To rule these large empires they both had to fight off rival kingdoms/empires/tribes. They were also similar in they inherited their respective territories. However, theirRead MoreThe Contribution Of Augustus s Reign From The Middle East And The North African Seaboard1124 Words   |  5 PagesAugustus is arguably the single most important figure in Roman history. In the course of his long and spectacular career, he put an end to the advancing decay of the Republic and established a new basis for Roman government that was to stand for three centuries. This system, termed the Principate, was far from flawless, but it provided the Roman Empire with a series of rulers who presided over the longest period of unity, peace, and prosperity that Western Europe, the Middle East and the NorthRead MoreTransition Period : The Roman Republic1198 Words   |  5 Pagespolitics in many western cultures and some of its implements are still used today. The power of the Roman people allowed them to govern during the Roman Republic but only centuries later in Imperial Rome did the power fall to only one man. The transition from the Roman Republic to Imperial Rome is known to have many different causes but the sum of them led to war, war then led to conquerors and conquerors seized all of Rome’s power. The Roman Republic highlights Rome’s initial plan for prosperity butRead MoreQuestions On Virgil s The Odyssey 1009 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 6 Discussions Virgil 1) Who is Aeneas and where did he come from? - Aeneas is son of Anchises, the prince of Dardaria and Venus, goddess of beauty and love. Aeneas was a Trojan military leader during the Trojan War. Aeneas was also one of the lone survivors after the siege of Troy. After the fall of Troy, Aeneas is divinely lead to Carthage by Juno because she has a grudge against the Trojans. While in Carthage, queen Dido falls deeply in love with Aeneas. Jupiter afraid that Aeneas is abandoningRead MoreReforms of Diocletian1268 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished an autocratic government and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the Dominate (as opposed to the Principate instituted by Augustus), the Tetrarchy, or simply the Later Roman Empire. Diocletian s reforms fundamentally changed the structure of imperial government and helped stabilize the empire economically and militarily, enabling it to remain essentially intact for another hundred years. splitting theRead MoreSimilarities Between Cleopatra And Cleopatra1523 Words   |  7 PagesEckhardt 6 Caesar’s guests until his murder, Cleopatra tried to get recognition for her son as rightful heir, but to no avail.†(Cinnone) â€Å"Cleopatra s family ruled Egypt for more than 100 years before she was born around 69 B.C. The stories and myths surrounding Cleopatra s tragic life inspired a number of books, movies and plays, including Antony and Cleopatra by Shakespeare. Cleopatra has become one of the most well-known ancient Egyptians.†(Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator.) â€Å"In 59 Caesars,Read MoreHow Can Historians Make Use Of The Stories That The Romans1723 Words   |  7 PagesAeneas. In regards to their use to historians, though there is debate as to the legitimacy of historical facts, looking beyond the actual story and noting the difference between versions particularly in Romulus and Remus can give clues of Roman society during the time of it being written. The information contained within the stories of foundation reflects the needs of the Romans citizens and the influences of the era. Introduction. Through the study of past evidence, historians become capable of creating

Animal Testing (586 words) Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing (586 words) Essay Animal TestingSpeaking Outline: Animal TestingSpecific Purpose: To persuade my audience about the three major ways of how scientific experiments on animal is inhumane. IntroductionI. Put yourself into an animals position. Imagine that you are being poked and probed by needles for the benefits of humans. II. Animals are being abuse more and more everyday in scientific experiments. III. I have pets and Im against animal testing, so knowing that animals are used in research is appalling. IV. Some research and scientific experiments are impractical and immoral. Animals are being overly abuse. V. Today, I am going to discuss to you about the three major ways of how scientific experiments on animal is inhumane: there is unnecessary abuse, it is unethical, and most of the experiments are unneeded. BodyI. The first major way of how scientific experiments on animals are inhumane is the unnecessary abuse. A. Animals are in an unnatural environment. 1. They are constantly being locked up, so they cant grow normally like others in their species. B. Animals are injected with unnatural, man-made chemicals. 1. The Environmental Protection Agency plan to do a test to evaluate the effects of industrial chemicals on the human hormonal system by looking at animals reproductive system. a. Between 600,000 and 1.2 million animals will be killed for every 1,000 chemical tested. b. They estimated that between 5,000 and 87,000 chemicals would be tested. c. Theres a non-animal screening procedure called HTPS that could screen out many chemicals from the need for further testing, thereby saving many animals lives, but the EPA still intends to use animal testing. C. Radioactive materials are being used on animals. 1. Such radioactive materials are microwaves. a. In India, they would put bunnies in microwaves just to observe what would happen. 2. Animals are trained using electrical materials. a. Scientists train dogs using electrical shock. II. The second major way of how scientific experiments on animals are inhumane is unethical. A. Animals are living organisms and should be treated like humans. B. They dont have a choice of whether they want to be tested or not. C. We wouldnt want to be injected with chemicals and be physically abused, so why should they?III. The third major way of how scientific experiments on animals are inhumane is unnecessary. A. Animals are being killed by useless experiments that dont even benefit humans. 1. One example is at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. They are doing useless lug experiments on dogs. a. They would remove 68% of those foxhounds lungs and forced them to run on treadmills with masks placed over their faces. b. To fit the mask, the dog canine teeth are cut down. c. After exercises are completed, the dogs are killed and their lugs are examined. B. According to R. Hamlin, D.V.M. said, ?The only conclusion I can reach is that tremendous pain and suffering are being inflicted upon helpless dogs under the guise of research, and the results being attained are admittedly of no benefits to mankind.?ConclusionI. In conclusion, animal testing should not be allowed, if not then at least limit it. Its better saving some, than none at all. II. The abuse on animals are not necessary, its unethical, and most of the time useless to humans. III. Animal testing is cruel and merciless. IV. Treat animals as if they are humans since they are living souls too. Try to put yourself ?in their shoes.?

Business Sustainability In Estate Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Sustainability In Real Estate Industry? Answer: Introduction The research proposal highlights sustainability in the real estate for players in New Zealand. The paper pays attention to the housing industry in this country. Like in every other nation around the globe this is one of the oldest industries. There is a significant improvement over the years driven by market demands thus increasing the traders involved. Additionally, the business has dominated all around the country making it a viable research area. Increase in competition has led to some businesses inability to keep up with the others. Aim of the Research The survey aims at finding out whether investors considering getting into the real estate industry in New Zealand have a viable chance of achieving the set target based on the sustainability in the field. As such, the study considers strategies employed by business people to maintain relevance in this area of interest. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the research is to find out the sustainability of businesses in the real estate industry. As such, different aspects of sustainability such as financial, social, and political will be thoroughly investigated. Test factors affecting business continuity. The specific underlying agents responsible for the way in which enterprises respond are scrutinized. To find out viable solutions for players in the industry having difficulties in sustaining their entities as well as understand some of the activities that may be responsible for their downfall. Sustainability of businesses in the real estate Industry In business, sustainability can be defined based on many different aspects. Consequently, a relationship between an enterprise and the people interacting with it can be considered as well as its impacts on the physical environment within the region it has been established. In case the relationship between either of the two is not healthy, the investment is deemed unsustainable (Bansal Desjardin, 2014). Interaction with external physical and social environment determines the success of such an entity. Social sustainability defines fair practices on projects such as ensuring the population within the locality of the project is benefited by the project and the target market treated to fair prices with consideration of the unequal distribution of resources in the demography (Shen et al, 2007). Environmental sustainability in this field is achieved by use of resources without diminishing the chance of having the same in the future or reducing the quality available to the residents of the area of operation (Shen et al, 2007). Bansal and Desjardin also claim that in business, ability to self-preserve in all dimensions including financially over a long period is the ultimate measure of sustainability. Investors in real estates industry, like in any other enterprise should carry out an extensive research on an enterprise, before putting their resources into it. According to Warren-Myers, G., 2012, although most investments made are guided by the market value it is not quantifiable how it consequently affects sustainability. The housing sector is faced with irregularity in terms of locations and costs therefore for one to understand possible outcomes they have to collect data on their target market as well as the geographical area they venture in. Companies complying with all laws in the industry especially those touching on environmental aspects end up increasing their profits. Apparently, use of renewable energy, such as solar and the wind, reduce the cost incurred by investors thus improving their viability (Nidulomu, Prahalad Rangaswami, 2009). In this industry, there has been a recurring theme in many countries around the globe where there are dominant players while small enterprises find it difficult to grow. According to Abidin (2010), failure to carry out research, as well as complying with the set standards make it hard for new investors to thrive in the market. Players should emphasize on quality over quantity while carrying out their desired projects because long term success is based on how consumers are able to trust their products (Shen et al, 2007). As such, companies that have had collapsed buildings find it hard to even get licenses in most regions because such mistakes can be fatal to residents. Housing sector contributes directly to urban development in cities around the world. However, some countries lack an elaborate plan of strategies to be employed with time to achieve this crucial goal (Tosics, 2004). As such, proper plan and predictions are absent and could lead to misguided development in areas that may otherwise unsuitable for similar projects. Assess Factors Affecting Business Sustainability Diverse factors affect housing industry and determine how long an entrepreneur can manage to run their business. According to Chourabi et al (2012), one of the factors is the technology used or its state in interest. Companies that can afford heavy machinery are often associated with economies of scale hence they are advantaged in competition with small scale traders who cannot afford the same. The type of infrastructure a company is willing to put in place also separates high-end properties that attract higher prices as opposed to the ones that do not apply the same. Institutions can be a barrier to sustainability in this industry where they do not set standard requirements, or fail to implement them when they are in place (Van Bueren Premius, 2002). In such a case, if other stakeholders are harmed by the state in which construction is done or their natural resources are compromised it should be blamed on those authorized to consider it. Market understanding should be the key driving force for any investments made to avoid cases of developing a region and fail to achieve the desired objectives. Schandler et al insists that it is necessary to engage the local people to solve conflicts that may arise from using the land in a manner contrary to their desired future. Additionally, such research gives the investor ideas of the market gap in which they can fill to increase competitiveness. Scandler et al claim that this is the most effective way to achieve both social and financial benefits. Businesses that are venturing in the industry that has been existent for centuries should have a strategic management plan in place. As such, they can understand the old trends and develop new exciting features so they can beat the veterans. New innovations and trying designs that are not in the market make these entries relevant in the field (Shen et al, 2007). The economy of a place is essential in sustaining industries, housing included (Cholurabi et al, 2012). As a result, a project can only be upheld if the financial status of the target consumers allows them to invest. Hence, viable business should be located strategically where demand is high to avoid instances where resources lay unutilized. Aribigbola (2011) insists that builders should put up affordable structures to feed the need in the market failure to which losses will be incurred since the revenue will be lower than cost. As a result, he insists that for countries that are still developing affordability of the property is the most attractive feature for potential customers. Proper manpower within a company is an asset that drives that business. Therefore, companies should make deliberate efforts while hiring talent to work for them since they are the force that actualizes the plan of the employer. For instant, if a company gives interior design tender to the most sought-after artist, chances of attracting buyers within completion are high. Solutions to Sustainability Problems Infrastructure development, especially in urban area poses a challenge to sanitation of that location, especially where some of the important aspects have been overlooked (Childers et al, 2014). Therefore, construction companies should be held responsible to uphold the dignity of these cities by improving facilities such as proper drainage systems. Authorities mandated to offer licenses to businesses need to have strict requirements to be followed before granting certification to the builders (Childers et al, 2014). An enterprise can be deemed self-nourishing if it effortlessly attends to requirements of all interested parties including their own finances, the external population as well as the physical environment. Bocken et al (2014) claim that for harmony to prevail, owners should relate with other interested individuals such that they aim to achieve a common goal for benefit of all. Additionally, resources should be used sparingly with emphasis on the use of locally available materials as opposed to importing. Recycling waste in a business reduce the cost that would otherwise be incurred in purchasing new products that they substitute and reduce the burden that the environment would carry if they are not recycled (Bocken et al, 2014). For a business to thrive it must aim to fill an existing market gap (Bocken Short, 2016). However, there are entrepreneurs that create a product that is not necessarily needed for survival and end up losing their resources. For continuity, one should only put their money in a field that is experiencing a vacuum since in such an industry chances of loss are minimal. Companys sales and marketing strategy is the major determinant of whether the company can survive in the long run or not (Bocken Short, 2016). In the current technology age where most shoppers look for products online, a company that lacks an elaborate internet advertisement may be disadvantaged by others in the same industry making it impossible to be sustainable in the long run. In the housing sector, some adverts may be more effective than others such that more trustworthy media such as television would yield sooner than some social media platforms frequented by youths who are not major a market. Therefore, investing in all the platforms where target customers can access the information has the direct impact on sales thus increasing their revenue. The technology used industry impacts on the quality as well as cost of production incurred to get to the final product the company is aiming at (Bocken Short, 2016). Therefore, in the housing sector investing in heavy machinery reduces the number of people that would otherwise be hired in absence of the assets. Long term, the cost is lowered hence the companies employing opposite strategies realize different profit margins. End products may be different based on the technology used to produce them and the consumers in many cases prefer better quality. Companies experiencing hardships in thriving in the industry should carry out research as to what factors may be contributing to the situation (Poland, 2011). The surveys should involve consumers, employees as well as consultants in the field to identify areas that require improvement. Research should leave a place of suggestions of alternative methods that are more consumer-friendly. Research Methodology and Methods The qualitative research method is popular in field research because the data collector can get in touch with the real people and get their insights on the topic of interest (Mark et al 2005). Quantitative survey, on the other hand, involves a large volume of data in most cases which can be scientifically proven. In this project, I am going to use the qualitative method which will involve engaging people in interviews guided by formulated questions. Methods Use of Questionnaires Data mining from published work. Research Instruments and/ Tool Pens Sheets of papers Spring files Flash disks Printer Binding Material Internet Wi-Fi Participants The research aims to incorporate fifty questionnaire respondents picked randomly from three different towns in the country. The cities excursions are aimed to be carried out in towns within office hours. I aim to engage participants as they fill out the form to get a deeper insight of the opinion of the respondents. I intend to complete the exercise between two to four weeks. Ethical issues Willing participants are encouraged to be part of the study in which case if one decides to complete the forms halfway and quit to attend other personal activities or simply because they decide to stop it is allowed. Personal information section to be filled during the survey is not under any circumstances to be exposed to a third party or paper sheets be discarded where the data can land in the wrong hands. Personal opinion and data on the survey will be treated with utmost confidentiality for the purpose of the research. Under no circumstance can the researcher use the collected data for another research apart from the one being undertaken. Time Schedule Time of Completion Research Project Milestone Identification of the research topic Completion of proposal writing Presentation of the project proposal Data Collection Data Analysis Full project presentation Limitations of the study Cases of an unwillingness of some people who might be well informed on the topic to participate in the survey may arise. Some participants may provide inaccurate data thus affecting the quality of the findings. There is an inadequacy in research because a sample of fifty participants representing the wide housing industry because the time frame of the project is not enough. References Abdini, N. Z. (2010). Investigating the awareness and application of sustainable construction concept by Malaysian developers. Habitat International, 34(4), 421-426. Aribigbola, A. (2011). Housing affordability as a factor in the creation of sustainable management in developing world: the example of Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 35(2), 121-131. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W. (2016). Towards a sufficiency-driven business model: Experiences and opportunities. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 18, 41-61. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). a literature and practice review to develop sustainable business modelarchetypes. Journal of cleaner production, 65, 42-56. Childers, D. L., Pickett, S. T., Glove, J. M., Ogden, L., Whitmer, A. (2014). Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: Challenges and Opportunities. Landscape and Urban Planning 125, 320-328. Poland, D. What is Sustainability? (2011). Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Nahon, K., Scholl, H. J. (2012, January). Understanding small cities: An integrative framework. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2289-2297). IEEE. Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: a data collectors field guide. Nidumolu, R., Prahalad, C.K., Rangaswami, M. R. (2009). Why sustainability iTime Schedule key driver of innovation. Havard business review, 87(9), 56-64. Schadler, S., Rohr-Zaenker, R., Finkel, M. (2011). Designing sustainable and economics attractive brownfield revitalization options using an integrated assessment model. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(3), 827-837. Shen, L.Y., Li Hao, J., Tam, V.W. Y., Yao, H. (2007). A checklist for assessing sustainability performance of construction projects. Journal of Civil engineering and management, 13(4), 273-281. Tosics, I. (2004). European urban development: Sustainability and the role of housing. Journal of Housing and Build Environment, 19(1), 67-90. Van Bueren, E. M., Premius, H. (2002). Institutional barriers to sustainable construction. Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, 29(1), 75-86. Warren-Myers, G. (2012). The value of sustainability in real estate: a review from a valuation perspective. Journal of property Investment Finance, 30(2), 115-144